PCR+3-4

=__ PCR CSI __= =__ About the Company __= ===**PCR: CSI is an investigation unit that uses the PCR machines in our investigations and sells them to the citizens in need of them. This crime scene investigation has been in progress for many years now, and is very successful as of today. From our production of selling the PCR machines, we have had money rolling into our possession. And since we are an investigation unit, we use the machines for the use of solving many crime scenes, and saving a bunch of lives. Having this business up and running for many years now, it has turned out to be very successful and has the progress of selling more and more PCR machines every year. This business hopes to get to the point, were we are able to reach our goal of solving more Crime Scene Investigations then last year.** **In need of a PCR machine for your lab or just to replace an old one? Come visit the PCR: CSI Company any day, and we will give you a PCR machine at a good decent price.**=== =__Who We are:__= = I am Helen Dwyer the CEO of our company PCR: CSI. Our company has sold over 5000 PCR machines in the past year. We have also sold 100000 vials of the necessary ingredients to do the tests. We not only sell the PCR machines but we also use them too. These machines are excellent to use for medical reasons and crime scene investigation. I graduated from Utica college and received a bachelors degree in forensics, and I majored in business management. I am 45 years old and I have been with PCR: CSI for over 18 years. I started the company when I was 25 and I hoped to help the crime scene industry save lives. We are hoping to sell many more machines in the coming year. = =__History behind PCR:__= = The ﻿﻿﻿ [|polymerase chain reaction] ﻿﻿﻿ (PCR) was developed in October 1985. Scientists were surprised that no one had thought of it earlier. As of the end of 1993, ﻿ [|PCR] ﻿ has been referenced in well over 7,000 scientific publications. The polymerase chain reaction, now widely used in research laboratories and doctor's offices, relies on the ability of DNA-copying enzymes to remain stable at high temperatures. The bacterial enzyme Thermus Aquaticus was found in Yellowstone National Park. The Thermus Aquaticus is the enzyme that allows this machine to work. The inventor is Kary (or Kerry) Mullis. He said that at first he was going to call it Chain Reaction, or POL which stands for Polymerase. He accidentally started calling it the PCR machine and it stuck. He did not foresee the impact this machine would have on world, and himself. In 1993 he was awarded with the noble prize for this invention and scientific discovery. This machine was first used to identify bacteria and virus infections. This machine is still used for these reasons today, and many others. It is used to replicate a small portion of DNA so that someone can do tests or manipulations on the DNA strand. Before Kary found the bacterial enzyme, there was no possible way to replicate the DNA, because there were no enzymes that could function stably at higher temperatures. When this enzyme was found in Yellowstone National Park it revolutionized the world of biological science as we know it. = =__Science Behind PCR:__= == In nature when a cell divides, through asexual reproduction, the DNA has to spilt, or clone itself. It does this by using an enzyme called polymerase, which is able to copy each and every chromosome. The PCR is a machine that is able to do this exact same thing. To use it, it has to have portion of the DNA sequence. Also you need DNA primers, or a short string of nucleotides that attaches at the beginning of the DNA that is being copied. Unfortunately these have to be genetically engineered. There are truly only three steps.The first step is to “unzip” the DNA. To do this you must heat the vials with the DNA strands to a temperature of 90-75 degrees centigrade (194-165 degrees Fahrenheit). You only heat it for 30 seconds, though. == == The second step is to have the primers fuse to the DNA strands. Unfortunately the primers can not bind at those high temperatures. So, to allow the primers to attach to the DNA strands, you have to cool the vials to 55 degrees centigrade (131 degrees Fahrenheit). Only keep it at this temperature for 20 seconds. == == The third step is to finish constructing the DNA. To do this you have to heat the vial to a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius (167 degrees Fahrenheit). This is the temperature at which the enzyme works the best at, it is the temperature of Yellowstone National Park. == == For the last step to happen you need extra nucleotide bases, to allow the DNA to be created. These are in one of the “ingeredents” that you must add to the vial before putting it in the machine. Some of the things that need to be added are Distilled water, two kinds of primers, a PCR buffer, the DNA polymerase and its helper chemical ( dNTPs) and also magnesium clohride. Without all these ingredients the machine would not work well, or not at all. ==

(PCR Machine) (Chain Reaction) =__Current Uses of PCR:__= ==We use our technology for a good use. From solving crimes that could lead us to new discoveries, all the way up to selling our machines that we process for money to keep us up and working. We use the PCR machines to heat up the DNA samples we have in our possession and reacts it to amplify the DNA and lead it into the melting process to analyze and bring us to the final result. This technology that we have grabbed, has led us to many great outcomes of crime scene investigations, and has processed much money for the PCR: CSI Company itself. The PCR machine itself is very advanced at this point, it is filled with many alternative instruments and fluorescent probe systems. The PCR machine has improved over time, and will soon improve in higher standards then it is at right now.== =﻿**__In The Furture:__**= ==In the future, we will plan on working on more advanced projects of analyzing DNA. The technology of the PCR machine keeps getting more advanced over the years. This advancement will lead the PCR: CSI Company to higher standards and will give us more fact on DNA itself. This will also lead us to more production in our labs, and might be a possible outcome of new ideas. The technology we have now is already leading us to fast possible outcomes of the DNA, but in the future we might have a outburst and the PCR machine will be advanced on a high level were we could get to the final estimation at a faster rate. We hope that in the future, we will be more successful with our sales and with our investigation thanks to the new and improved technology they will possibly have in the future. == ==We hope to be able to use this technology to tell if a person will have cancer or not, and then to be able to replicate their DNA in such a way that we can eliminate the risk. Also if we could replicate the skin cell DNA then we might be able to replace the tumor cells with normal healthy ones. Also using this we can tell who everyone is to a greater accuracy. It is my hope that we can one day use this machine to find a way to cure cancer and ensure that everyone will be safe. ==

__References: __
= Iowa State University: Department of Agronomy. “Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).” Updated on 10/8/02. []. 12/23/10. =

==publications.nigms.nih.gov. “Chapter 3: Life’s Genetic Tree”. @http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter3.html ==

==www.obgynacademy.com. “Human Genetics”. @http://www.obgynacademy.com/basicsciences/fetology/genetics/ ==

[|www.molecularstation.com]. “History Development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)”. []
== National Center for Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health. "New Tools for Tomorrow's Health Research." Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 1992. [] == Copyrighted by Helen Dwyer, Sarah Elliot, Isaiah DuBois, Megan Cavagnaro